Citing and referencing are required in academic works, to support credibility, provide evidence and demonstrate scholarship.
For online resources – Consider the format of the source, that is, is it a book, journal article, etc. to determine which reference format to use. Use the webpage format as a last resort.
For UWI theses, the in-text citation and reference style is consistent with APA reference style.
The UWI Theses guide formatting guidelines override APA formatting guidelines where relevant.
Click on the link above to find the relevant section below.
- Usually composed of ‘author’ and ‘date’ e.g., (Walcott, 1987)
- Can be in parenthetical (i.e., in brackets) format e.g., ….(Naipaul, 1975)
OR as part of the text, i.e., narrative format. e.g., … as proposed by Smith (1980)….
- When you are paraphrasing, the page numbers do not need to be included in the in-text citation.
- For multiple in-text citations in the parenthetical formal, list references in alphabetical order. [Alphabetical order not needed in narrative form in-text citations]
– e.g., (Brown, 2020; Maraj, 2019; Williams, 2020)
- Same first author with 3 or more authors
- e.g., …Smith, Singh, et al. (2020) and Smith, Jones, et al. (2020).
- Same author, same year
- e.g., Smith (2009a) and Smith (2009b)
- Authors with the same surname
- e.g., J. D. Smith (1988) and C. H. Smith (2001) verified that...
- e.g., … showed in the study (Bendz et al., 1990, as cited in Olson et al., 2004).
OR
Bendz et al. (1990, as cited in Olson et al., 2004) showed …
{The item that you used is listed in the references in this case Olson et al.}
- For quotations, must include page nos.
- e.g., (Smith et al., 2015, p. 1054)
{note the full stop after al. and space between p. and the number}
- For a webpage and a direct quote online, cite the paragraph number in the in-text citation
- e.g., (Ministry of Health, 2009, para. 1)
- Block quotations (40 words or more) - do not need quotation marks or italics.
- Start on a new line and indent the block 1 cm (1/2 inch) from the left margin. Cite the source in parentheses after the quotation’s final punctuation or cite the author and year in your sentence before the quotation, concluding with the page number/s.
- e.g., ....... high stakes. (Smith, 2020, p. 10)
